References

Adamic, Lada A., and Natalie Glance. 2005. “The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 u.s. Election.” Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery - LinkKDD ’05. https://doi.org/10.1145/1134271.1134277.
Allcott, Hunt, Luca Braghieri, Sarah Eichmeyer, and Matthew Gentzkow. 2020. “The Welfare Effects of Social Media.” American Economic Review 110 (3): 629676. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658.
Allen, Jennifer, Baird Howland, Markus Mobius, David Rothschild, and Duncan J. Watts. 2020. “Evaluating the Fake News Problem at the Scale of the Information Ecosystem.” Science Advances 6 (14): eaay3539. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay3539.
Bail, Chris. 2021. “Breaking the Social Media Prism.” In. Princeton University Press.
Bail, Christopher A., Brian Guay, Emily Maloney, Aidan Combs, D. Sunshine Hillygus, Friedolin Merhout, Deen Freelon, and Alexander Volfovsky. 2019. “Assessing the Russian Internet Research Agencys Impact on the Political Attitudes and Behaviors of American Twitter Users in Late 2017.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (1): 243–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906420116.
Bakshy, Eytan, Solomon Messing, and Lada A. Adamic. 2015. “Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook.” Science 348 (6239): 1130–32. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160.
Barrie, Christopher. 2023. “Did the Musk Takeover Boost Contentious Actors on Twitter?” Harvard Misinformation Review.
Barrie, Christopher, and Arun Frey. 2021. “Faces in the Crowd: Twitter as Alternative to Protest Surveys.” Edited by Barbara Guidi. PLOS ONE 16 (11): e0259972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259972.
Bauer, P. C., and C. Landesvatter, eds. 2022. APIs for Social Scientists: A Collaborative Review. skimpotentiallyrelevantchapters. https://bookdown.org/paul/apis_for_social_scientists/.
Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots.” Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, March. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.
Bond, Robert M., Christopher J. Fariss, Jason J. Jones, Adam D. I. Kramer, Cameron Marlow, Jaime E. Settle, and James H. Fowler. 2012. “A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization.” Nature 489 (7415): 295–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421.
Brodeur, Abel, Andrew E Clark, Sarah Fleche, and Nattavudh Powdthavee. 2021. “COVID-19, Lockdowns and Well-Being: Evidence from Google Trends.” Journal of Public Economics 193: 104346.
Cao, Andy, Jason Lindo, and Jiee Zhong. 2022. “Can Social Media Rhetoric Incite Hate Incidents? Evidence from Trump’s "Chinese Virus" Tweets.” https://doi.org/10.3386/w30588.
Chang, Keng-Chi, William R. Hobbs, Margaret E. Roberts, and Zachary C. Steinert-Threlkeld. 2022. “COVID-19 Increased Censorship Circumvention and Access to Sensitive Topics in China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119 (4). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102818119.
Chen, M. Keith, and Ryne Rohla. 2018. “The Effect of Partisanship and Political Advertising on Close Family Ties.” Science 360 (6392): 1020–24. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1433.
Chen, Wen, Diogo Pacheco, Kai-Cheng Yang, and Filippo Menczer. 2021. “Neutral Bots Probe Political Bias on Social Media.” Nature Communications 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25738-6.
Conover, Michael, Jacob Ratkiewicz, Matthew Francisco, Bruno Goncalves, Filippo Menczer, and Alessandro Flammini. 2011. “Political Polarization on Twitter.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 5 (1): 89–96. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14126.
Flaxman, Seth, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. 2016. “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80 (S1): 298–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw006.
Fletcher, Richard, Craig T. Robertson, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2021. “How Many People Live in Politically Partisan Online News Echo Chambers in Different Countries?” Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media 1 (August). https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.020.
González-Bailón, Sandra, and Manlio De Domenico. 2021. “Bots Are Less Central Than Verified Accounts During Contentious Political Events.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (11). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013443118.
Grinberg, Nir, Kenneth Joseph, Lisa Friedland, Briony Swire-Thompson, and David Lazer. 2019. “Fake News on Twitter During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election.” Science 363 (6425): 374–78. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2706.
Guess, Andrew M. 2021. “(Almost) Everything in Moderation: New Evidence on Americans’ Online Media Diets.” American Journal of Political Science 65 (4): 1007–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12589.
Guess, Andrew M., Brendan Nyhan, and Jason Reifler. 2020. “Exposure to Untrustworthy Websites in the 2016 US Election.” Nature Human Behaviour 4 (5): 472–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0833-x.
Guess, Andrew, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua Tucker. 2019. “Less Than You Think: Prevalence and Predictors of Fake News Dissemination on Facebook.” Science Advances 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4586.
Halberstam, Yosh, and Brian Knight. 2016. “Homophily, Group Size, and the Diffusion of Political Information in Social Networks: Evidence from Twitter.” Journal of Public Economics 143 (November): 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.08.011.
Haroon, Muhammad, Anshuman Chhabra, Xin Liu, Prasant Mohapatra, Zubair Shafiq, and Magdalena Wojcieszak. 2022. “YouTube, the Great Radicalizer? Auditing and Mitigating Ideological Biases in YouTube Recommendations.” https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2203.10666.
Juul, Jonas L., and Johan Ugander. 2021. “Comparing Information Diffusion Mechanisms by Matching on Cascade Size.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (46). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100786118.
Lazer, David M. J., Alex Pentland, Duncan J. Watts, Sinan Aral, Susan Athey, Noshir Contractor, Deen Freelon, et al. 2020. “Computational Social Science: Obstacles and Opportunities.” Science 369 (6507): 1060–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8170.
Lazer, David, Eszter Hargittai, Deen Freelon, Sandra Gonzalez-Bailon, Kevin Munger, Katherine Ognyanova, and Jason Radford. 2021. “Meaningful Measures of Human Society in the Twenty-First Century.” Nature 595 (7866): 189–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03660-7.
Ledwich, Mark, and Anna Zaitsev. 2019. “Algorithmic Extremism: Examining YouTube’s Rabbit Hole of Radicalization.” https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1912.11211.
Levy, Ro’ee. 2021. “Social Media, News Consumption, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment.” American Economic Review 111 (3): 831870. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191777.
Monti, Corrado, Luca Maria Aiello, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales, and Francesco Bonchi. 2022. “The Language of Opinion Change on Social Media Under the Lens of Communicative Action.” Scientific Reports 12 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21720-4.
Mooijman, Marlon, Joe Hoover, Ying Lin, Heng Ji, and Morteza Dehghani. 2018. “Moralization in Social Networks and the Emergence of Violence During Protests.” Nature Human Behaviour 2 (6): 389–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0353-0.
Mosleh, Mohsen, Cameron Martel, Dean Eckles, and David G. Rand. 2021. “Shared Partisanship Dramatically Increases Social Tie Formation in a Twitter Field Experiment.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (7). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022761118.
Müller, Karsten, and Carlo Schwarz. 2020. “Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime.” Journal of the European Economic Association, October. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvaa045.
Munger, Kevin. 2016. “Tweetment Effects on the Tweeted: Experimentally Reducing Racist Harassment.” Political Behavior 39 (3): 629–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9373-5.
Pfotenhauer, Sebastian, Brice Laurent, Kyriaki Papageorgiou, Stilgoe, and Jack. 2021. “The Politics of Scaling.” Social Studies of Science 52 (1): 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063127211048945.
Phadke, Shruti, Mattia Samory, and Tanushree Mitra. 2022. “Pathways Through Conspiracy: The Evolution of Conspiracy Radicalization Through Engagement in Online Conspiracy Discussions.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May): 770–81. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19333.
Siegel, Alexandra A, and Vivienne Badaan. 2020. #No2Sectarianism: Experimental Approaches to Reducing Sectarian Hate Speech Online.” Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 114 (3): 837855.
Silge, Julia, and David Robinson. 2017. Text Mining with R: A Tidy Approach. London: O’Reilly.
Solaiman, Irene, and Christy Dennison. 2021. “Process for Adapting Language Models to Society (PALMS) with Values-Targeted Datasets.” https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2106.10328.
STIER, SEBASTIAN, FRANK MANGOLD, MICHAEL SCHARKOW, and JOHANNES BREUER. 2021. “Post Post-Broadcast Democracy? News Exposure in the Age of Online Intermediaries.” American Political Science Review 116 (2): 768–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421001222.
Vosoughi, Soroush, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. “The Spread of True and False News Online.” Science 359 (6380): 1146–51. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559.
Waller, Isaac, and Ashton Anderson. 2021. “Quantifying Social Organization and Political Polarization in Online Platforms.” Nature 600 (7888): 264–68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04167-x.
Wickham, Hadley, and Garrett Grolemund. 2017. R for Data Science. London: O’Reilly Media.
Wing, Jeannette M. 2006. “Computational Thinking.” Communications of the ACM 49 (3): 33–35.